Understanding ADHD: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more than just a tendency to be easily distracted—it’s a neurodevelopmental condition that affects focus, impulse control, and energy levels. While most people are diagnosed in childhood, many don’t receive a diagnosis until adulthood. ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders in the United States, yet it remains widely misunderstood.

What Increases the Risk of ADHD?

While the exact cause of ADHD isn’t fully understood, several factors can increase the likelihood of developing it:

• Genetics – ADHD often runs in families.
• Brain Chemistry – Differences in neurotransmitter levels may contribute to symptoms.
• Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) – Head injuries can impact attention and impulse control.
• Environmental Factors – Exposure to toxins like lead can play a role.
• Prenatal Influences – Exposure to alcohol, drugs, or other harmful substances before birth.
• Premature Birth – Babies born early may be at a higher risk for ADHD.

Types of ADHD

ADHD symptoms fall into three categories:

1. Predominantly Inattentive Type

People with this type struggle with focus and organization. They may:

• Have trouble paying attention
• Struggle with follow-through
• Get easily distracted

2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type

This type involves excessive movement and impulsivity. People may:

• Fidget or move constantly
• Interrupt others
• Act without thinking

3. Combined Presentation

This type includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity.

ADD vs. ADHD: What’s the Difference?

"ADD" (attention deficit disorder) is an outdated term. Today, all forms of the condition fall under the umbrella of ADHD, whether hyperactivity is present or not.

Common Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD looks different from person to person. Here’s how symptoms show up based on type:

Inattentive ADHD

• Difficulty focusing on tasks
• Trouble following directions
• Appearing to "zone out"
• Forgetfulness
• Disorganization
• Avoiding tasks that require mental effort
• Frequently misplacing things
• Being easily distracted

Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD

• Constant movement or fidgeting
• Difficulty staying seated
• Impatience
• Struggling to engage in quiet activities
• Talking excessively
• Interrupting conversations
• Acting on impulse without thinking

To be diagnosed, children must show at least six symptoms from one category for at least six months, while adults need at least five symptoms for the same duration.

ADHD in Adults

ADHD doesn’t disappear with age—it just manifests differently. Symptoms in adults may include:

• Missing deadlines at work
• Difficulty staying engaged in meetings
• Starting projects but struggling to finish them
• Hyperfocusing on one task while neglecting others
• Frequently misplacing important items
• Interrupting conversations
• Engaging in impulsive or risky behaviors

Since ADHD was traditionally thought of as a childhood disorder, many adults—especially women—go undiagnosed. Women and girls often have the inattentive type and may develop coping strategies that mask their symptoms.

ADHD in Children

Because many ADHD traits (like restlessness and distractibility) are common in kids, it’s important to differentiate between age-appropriate behavior and ADHD. A professional evaluation is essential, especially since other conditions—such as learning disabilities—can mimic ADHD.

Most kids are diagnosed when they start school, but ADHD can be identified as early as age two. The average age of diagnosis is six, and boys are diagnosed more often than girls.

How is ADHD Treated?

Treatment for ADHD often involves a mix of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.

Types of Therapy for ADHD

• Behavioral Therapy (Behavior Modification) – Reinforces positive behaviors and discourages unhelpful ones.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – Helps individuals challenge negative thought patterns and develop coping skills.
• Support & Training for Loved Ones – Family and teachers can play a crucial role in helping manage ADHD symptoms.

Medications for ADHD

Stimulant medications like Adderall and Ritalin are the most commonly prescribed treatments. Though it may seem counterintuitive to give a stimulant to someone with hyperactivity, these medications help regulate focus and impulse control. Stimulants can be:

• Short-acting – Taken multiple times per day.
• Intermediate-acting – Provides moderate-duration effects.
• Long-acting – Requires only one daily dose.

Seeking an ADHD Diagnosis & Treatment

If you suspect you or your child has ADHD, the first step is speaking with a healthcare professional. A primary care physician or mental health specialist can assess symptoms, rule out other conditions, and recommend treatment options.

Living with ADHD comes with challenges, but with the right support, therapy, and tools, it’s absolutely manageable. Seeking treatment is an empowering step toward better focus, organization, and overall well-being.

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